Cervidae

Deer are hoofed ruminants from the family Cervidae, divided into two subfamilies: Cervinae (including elk and red deer) and Capreolinae (including reindeer and moose). Most male deer grow and shed antlers annually, used for combat.

Musk deer and chevrotains are also ruminants but not closely related. Deer have been featured in art and mythology since the Paleolithic era and are significant for their meat (venison), skins, and antlers. Hunting deer has been popular since the Middle Ages.

Deer are the second most diverse family of artiodactyla, recognized by their temporary antlers. They have long legs, short tails, and long ears. The moose is the largest species.

Males are generally larger with antlers (except reindeer), and coat colors vary from red to brown. Deer undergo two moults annually and are skilled jumpers and swimmers, with a four-chambered stomach. They primarily eat foliage, requiring a nutrient-rich diet for antler growth, and may occasionally consume small amounts of meat.

Most deer are uniparental, with the doe caring for one or two spotted fawns. The mating season is from late August to December, with a gestation period of up to ten months. Fawns can walk within twenty minutes of birth and stay hidden for a week before following their mother, typically remaining together for about a year.