Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a diverse group of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic mammals that include families such as Odobenidae (walrus), Otariidae (eared seals like sea lions), and Phocidae (earless seals). They range in size from the 1 m Baikal seal to the 5 m southern elephant seal, with some species exhibiting sexual dimorphism. Pinnipeds are agile swimmers, using their modified limbs to propel themselves: otariids use their front limbs, while phocids and walruses rely on their hind limbs.
Most species prefer colder waters and spend time on land to mate, give birth, and molt. Their diet primarily consists of fish and marine invertebrates, though some, like the leopard seal, hunt larger prey. Male pinnipeds typically mate with multiple females, and mothers usually take on the primary responsibility for raising pups.
Pinnipeds have been historically utilized by Arctic indigenous peoples, depicted in various cultures, and face threats from hunting, marine pollution, and climate change. While once heavily hunted, they are now protected by international law, though some species, such as the Mediterranean monk seal, are endangered.
