The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a small bird from the sparrow family, measuring about 16 cm and weighing 24–39.5 g. Females and young birds are pale brown and grey, while males have bright black, white, and brown markings. Native to Europe, the Mediterranean, and parts of Asia, the house sparrow is now found worldwide due to intentional and accidental introductions.
The species spread from the Middle East alongside agriculture, reaching regions such as North and Central America, southern Africa, Australia, and beyond since the mid-19th century. It thrives in human-altered environments, often nesting indoors in various structures. While primarily found in urban areas, its reproductive success is better in suburbs where food is abundant.
The house sparrow is very social, often seen in flocks and engaging in communal activities. Although it prefers drier climates and is mostly absent in eastern Asia, it is prevalent across many other regions, despite some declines in certain habitats.
